Journal of Microbiology and Infection

Antimicrobial Resistance

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Standard treatments for antimicrobial resistance have become ineffective, leading to a higher number of deaths, longer illnesses, and a sharp rise in healthcare expenses worldwide. Antibiotic resistant bacterial infections led to approximately five million deaths worldwide in 2019, underscoring a substantial impact on global health. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics in human medicine and agriculture have accelerated the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The ESKAPE group of pathogens, which includes Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and various Enterobacter species, is responsible for a substantial number of infections acquired in hospitals and demonstrates a considerable level of resistance.

To combat antimicrobial resistance effectively, a thorough and multifaceted approach is required. Implementing resistance pattern monitoring relies on surveillance systems, thereby facilitating the development of evidence-based treatment and guiding public health initiatives. The prevention of the spread of resistant bacteria within healthcare facilities relies significantly on infection control practices, which include maintaining good hand hygiene and performing a thorough clean of the environment. The main goal of antimicrobial stewardship initiatives is to optimize antibiotic utilisation by guaranteeing the appropriate selection, dosing, and duration of treatment to forestall the emergence of resistance.

Research is underway to develop new treatments in order to combat Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Bacteriophage therapy, which utilises bacteriophages to selectively target particular bacterial pathogens, has shown promise, particularly in fighting infections that are resistant to multiple medications. Phages isolated from environmental sources have proven to be effective against superbugs like Klebsiella pneumoniae. Identifying antibiotic-resistant microbes poses a significant challenge to clinical microbiology and global healthcare efforts. A multifaceted strategy to counter this threat involves combining surveillance, infection control, antimicrobial stewardship, and the creation of new treatments. Comprehensive further research and international collaboration are essential to ensuring the continued efficacy of existing antimicrobial agents and safeguarding public health.